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Obesity is a major public health problem related to various chronic health conditions.  Lactobacillus  species has been reported in obese individuals; however, its role is unknown. We compared the abundance and composition of  Lactobacillus  species by analyzing feces from 64 healthy control subjects and 88 obese subjects. We isolated one  Lactobacillus  strain from the feces of a subject with obesity and further analyzed its genetic and molecular features. We found that an increased abundance and higher prevalence of  Lactobacillus sakei  distinguished the fecal microbiota of the obese group from that of healthy subjects and that it was related to the increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by higher fat intake. The  L. sakei  ob4.1 strain, isolated from the feces of a subject with obesity, showed high catalase activity, which was regulated by oxidative stress at the gene transcription level.  L. sakei  ob4.1 maintained colon epithelial cell adhesion ability under ROS stimulation, and treatment with saturated fatty acid increased colon epithelial ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner; however,  L. sakei  ob4.1 did not change the level of fat-induced colon epithelial ROS. Exposing mice to a high-fat diet revealed that high-fat-diet–induced colon ROS was associated with the increased colonization of  L. sakei  ob4.1 through catalase activity. Four-week supplementation with this strain in mice fed a high-fat diet did not change their body weights or ROS levels. A high-fat diet induces changes in the colon environment by increasing ROS levels, which provides a colonization benefit to an  L. sakei  strain with high catalase activity.   IMPORTANCE   Lactobacillus  provides many health benefits; its various species are widely used as probiotics. However, an increased abundance of  Lactobacillus  has been reported in obesity, and the role of  Lactobacillus  strains in obesity remains unknown. We found a high abundance of the  Lactobacillus sakei  species in a group of obese subjects and examined its relationship with a high-fat diet and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the feces. To find the underlying mechanism, we analyzed and characterized an  L. sakei  strain isolated from a severely obese individual. We found that higher gut oxidative stress could link high-fat-diet–induced obesity and  L. sakei.  This translational research identifies the roles of the host gut environment in the colonization and survival of  L. sakei .

High-Fat-Diet–Induced Oxidative Stress Linked to the Increased Colonization of Lactobacillus sakei in an Obese Population