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The molecular mechanisms generating muscle diversity during development are unknown. The phenotypic properties of slow- and fast-twitch myofibers are determined by the selective transcription of genes coding for contractile proteins and metabolic enzymes in these muscles, properties that fail to develop in cultured muscle. Using transgenic mice, we have identified regulatory elements in the evolutionarily related troponin slow (TnIs) and fast (TnIf) genes that confer specific transcription in either slow or fast muscles. Analysis of serial deletions of the rat TnIs upstream region revealed that sequences between kb -0.95 and -0.5 are necessary to confer slow-fiber-specific transcription; the -0.5-kb fragment containing the basal promoter was inactive in five transgenic mouse lines tested. We identified a 128-bp regulatory element residing at kb -0.8 that, when linked to the -0.5-kb TnIs promoter, specifically confers transcription to slow-twitch muscles. To identify sequences directing fast-fiber-specific transcription, we generated transgenic mice harboring a construct containing the TnIs kb -0.5 promoter fused to a 144-bp enhancer derived from the quail TnIf gene. Mice harboring the TnIf/TnIs chimera construct expressed the transgene in fast but not in slow muscles, indicating that these regulatory elements are sufficient to confer fiber-type-specific transcription. Alignment of rat TnIs and quail TnIf regulatory sequences indicates that there is a conserved spatial organization of core elements, namely, an E box, a CCAC box, a MEF-2-like sequence, and a previously uncharacterized motif. The core elements were shown to bind their cognate factors by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and their mutation demonstrated that the TnIs CCAC and E boxes are necessary for transgene expression. Our results suggest that the interaction of closely related transcriptional protein-DNA complexes is utilized to specify fiber type diversity.

Common Core Sequences Are Found in Skeletal Muscle Slow-and Fast-Fiber-Type-Specific Regulatory Elements