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Transcription of bacterial genes is controlled by the coordinated action of cis- and trans -acting regulators. The activity and mode of action of these regulators can reflect different requirements for gene products in different environments. A well-studied example is the regulatory function that integrates the environmental availability of glucose and lactose to control the Escherichia coli  lac operon. Most studies of lac operon regulation have focused on a few closely related strains. To determine the range of natural variation in lac regulatory function, we introduced a reporter construct into 23 diverse E. coli strains and measured expression with combinations of inducer concentrations. We found a wide range of regulatory functions. Several functions were similar to the one observed in a reference lab strain, whereas others depended weakly on the presence of cAMP. Some characteristics of the regulatory function were explained by the genetic relatedness of strains, indicating that differences varied on relatively short time scales. The regulatory characteristics explained by genetic relatedness were among those that best predicted the initial growth of strains following transition to a lactose environment, suggesting a role for selection. Finally, we transferred the lac operon, with the lacI regulatory gene, from five natural isolate strains into a reference lab strain. The regulatory function of these hybrid strains revealed the effect of local and global regulatory elements in controlling expression. Together, this work demonstrates that regulatory functions can be varied within a species and that there is variation within a species to best match a function to particular environments. IMPORTANCE The lac operon of Escherichia coli is a classic model for studying gene regulation. This study has uncovered features such as the environmental input logic controlling gene expression, as well as gene expression bistability and hysteresis. Most lac operon studies have focused on a few lab strains, and it is not known how generally those findings apply to the diversity of E. coli strains. We examined the environmental dependence of lac gene regulation in 20 natural isolates of E. coli and found a wide range of regulatory responses. By transferring lac genes from natural isolate strains into a common reference strain, we found that regulation depends on both the lac genes themselves and on the broader genetic background, indicating potential for still-greater regulatory diversity following horizontal gene transfer. Our results reveal that there is substantial natural variation in the regulation of the lac operon and indicate that this variation can be ecologically meaningful.

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Diversity in <i>lac</i> Operon Regulation among Diverse Escherichia coli Isolates Depends on the Broader Genetic Background but Is Not Explained by Genetic Relatedness

Diversity in lac Operon Regulation among Diverse Escherichia coli Isolates Depends on the Broader Genetic Background but Is Not Explained by Genetic Relatedness