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Mucosal and parenteral immunizations elicit qualitatively distinct immune responses, and there is evidence that mucosal immunization can skew the balance of T helper 1 and T helper 2 responses. However, a clear picture of the effect of the route of infection on the balance of the T helper responses has not yet emerged. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that oral reovirus infection elicits specific serum immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a), while parenteral reovirus infection elicits the mixed production of specific serum IgG2a and IgG1 in mice of the H-2(d) haplotype. Knowing that IgG2a production is indicative of a T helper 1 response and IgG1 production is indicative of a T helper 2 response, we hypothesized that the route of infection influences the development of T helper 1 and T helper 2 responses. Using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we found that mRNA for the T helper 1 cytokines gamma interferon and interleukin-12 (IL-12) were expressed in draining lymphoid tissues following both oral and parenteral infections. However, we observed that mRNA for the T helper 2 cytokine IL-10 was suppressed in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes and IL-4 mRNA was suppressed in the mesenteric lymph nodes compared to noninfected controls, following oral infection. Using recombinant cytokines and cytokine knockout mice, we confirmed that IL-4 plays a major role in mediating the route-of-infection-dependent differences in serum IgG subclass responses. Therefore, the route of infection needs to be taken into consideration when developing vaccines and adjuvant therapies.

Role of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 in Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibody Responses following Mucosal or Systemic Reovirus Infection