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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected and activated CD4(+) T cells have short half-lives in vivo (&lt;2 days). We have established an in vitro culture system in which infected T cells are turned over frequently to provide a model system that examines this important facet of in vivo HIV-1 replication. We observed that virus replication in T cells under rapid-turnover conditions was possible only when immature dendritic cells or DC-SIGN-expressing cells mediated HIV-1 transmission to T cells. Virus replication was initiated more rapidly in T cells infected with the cell-associated form of virus compared to infection by the cell-free route. This accelerated transfer of virus required adhesion molecule-mediated interactions between the virus-presenting cell and T cell, but surprisingly, HIV-1 transfer could occur independently of DC-SIGN (DC-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3 [ICAM-3]-grabbing nonintegrin)in the dendritic-cell-T-cell cocultures. These results suggest that dendritic cell-mediated transmission of HIV-1 enables virus replication under conditions of rapid cell turnover in vivo.

Dendritic Cell-Mediated Viral Transfer to T Cells Is Required for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Persistence in the Face of Rapid Cell Turnover