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We produced an infectious vaccinia virus that expressed the B5R envelope glycoprotein fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing us to visualize intracellular virus movement in real time. Previous transfection studies indicated that fusion of GFP to the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of B5R did not interfere with Golgi localization of the viral protein. To determine whether B5R-GFP was fully functional, we started with a B5R deletion mutant that made small plaques and inserted the B5R-GFP gene into the original B5R locus. The recombinant virus made normal-sized plaques and acquired the ability to form actin tails, indicating reversal of the mutant phenotype. Moreover, immunogold electron microscopy revealed that both intracellular enveloped virions (IEV) and extracellular enveloped virions contained B5R-GFP. By confocal microscopy of live infected cells, we visualized individual fluorescent particles, corresponding to IEV in size and shape, moving from a juxtanuclear location to the periphery of the cell, where they usually collected prior to association with actin tails. The fluorescent particles could be seen emanating from cells at the tips of microvilli. Using a digital camera attached to an inverted fluorescence microscope, we acquired images at 1 frame/s. At this resolution, IEV movement appeared saltatory; in some frames there was no net movement, whereas in others movement exceeded 2 microm/s. Further studies indicated that IEV movement was reversibly arrested by the microtubule-depolymerizing drug nocodazole. This result, together with the direction, speed, and saltatory motion of IEV, was consistent with a role for microtubules in intracellular transport of IEV.

Visualization of Intracellular Movement of Vaccinia Virus Virions Containing a Green Fluorescent Protein-B5R Membrane Protein Chimera