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Temperature-sensitive mutations in proteins produced at or heated to a nonpermissive temperature render the proteins defective in some aspect of their maturation into functional entities. The characterization of temperature-sensitive mutations in model proteins, such as virus membrane proteins, has allowed the elucidation of critical events in the maturation of virus membranes as well as in the intracellular folding, processing, and transport of membrane proteins in general. We have used a transport-defective, temperature-sensitive mutant of Sindbis virus, ts23, which has two amino acid changes in the envelope protein E1, to further examine requirements placed upon the glycoproteins for their export to the plasma membrane. Pulse-chase experiments in which we utilized the transport inhibitors monensin and brefeldin A allowed us to synthesize and assemble the glycoproteins of ts23 into export-competent heterodimers at the permissive temperature while concurrently blocking their export to the cell surface. After removal of the inhibitors and a shift to the nonpermissive temperature, we assayed for protein transport, cell-cell fusion, and infectious-particle production. Taken together, the data show that the irreversible loss of the temperature-sensitive phenotype of ts23 can be correlated with the folding of E1 and the formation of export-competent PE2-E1 heterodimers in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, we have found that E1 pairs with PE2 to form the heterodimer prior to the completion of E1 folding.

Events in the endoplasmic reticulum abrogate the temperature sensitivity of Sindbis virus mutant ts23