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We have previously demonstrated that induction of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), in the absence of antiviral antibodies, can confer protection against a lethal-dose virus challenge. Here we extend those findings as follows. First, three discrete viral CTL epitopes expressed from minigenes encoding peptides as short as 12 amino acids can be recognized when expressed from recombinant vaccinia virus; second, concentrating on two of the three epitopes, we show that these vaccinia virus recombinants can confer protection in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner; third, the minigenes can be fused to generate a "string of beads," and the close proximity of the two epitopes within one oligopeptide does not disrupt recognition of either epitope; fourth, this string-of-beads vaccine, in contrast to the single epitope vaccines, can protect on both MHC backgrounds; and, fifth, CTL to different epitopes may act synergistically, as protection is improved when the vaccine contains more than one CTL epitope for a given MHC background.

A "string-of-beads" vaccine, comprising linked minigenes, confers protection from lethal-dose virus challenge