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After reverse transcription and integration of the genome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a target cell, the viral DNA becomes packaged into chromatin. Regions of chromatin associated with regulatory functions in eukaryotes can generally be distinguished from the bulk of chromatin by an increased accessibility of the DNA to nucleases (nuclease-hypersensitive sites). In this report, the chromatin structure of the complete HIV-1 genome has been analyzed in three chronically infected cell lines of monocyte/macrophage and lymphoid origins. Digestion of purified nuclei from these cells with DNase I followed by restriction digestion and Southern blotting identified several DNase I-hypersensitive regions throughout the viral genome. Two constitutive sites were associated with the U3 region of the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) in which the viral promoter and enhancer are located. An additional site in the R region of the 5' LTR was present only after activation of viral transcription by phorbol ester or tumor necrosis factor alpha. A fourth site was identified in all cell lines downstream of the 5' LTR (nucleotides [nt] 656 to 720), and the band corresponding to this site decreased in intensity upon activation of transcription. In the 3' LTR, a constitutive hypersensitive site was identified in all cell lines (nt 9322 to 9489). A major site (nt 4534 to 4733) was present only in a cell line of macrophage/monocyte origin in a region of the genome in which an intragenic enhancer was recently identified (E. Verdin, N. Becker, F. Bex, L. Droogmans, and A. Burny, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4874-4878, 1990). This study defines regions of the HIV genome associated with an open chromatin configuration and points to the potential regulatory role of these elements in the HIV life cycle.

journal of virology

DNase I-hypersensitive sites are associated with both long terminal repeats and with the intragenic enhancer of integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1