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The potential of the hepadnavirus X gene product to activate gene expression in trans was tested through a series of cotransfections of X expression vectors with a variety of potential targets for transactivation. The X gene products from human hepatitis B virus (HBV), woodchuck hepatitis virus, and ground squirrel hepatitis virus are all equally active in augmenting the expression of a wide array of target promoters in both permissive and nonpermissive cells. Using the HBV genome itself as the source of X protein, we demonstrate that transactivation of HBV and heterologous genes occurs when X protein is expressed in its native state during productive infection of permissive cells. Run-on transcription analysis indicates that this transactivation occurs at the level of primary transcription.

Transcriptional activation of homologous and heterologous genes by the hepatitis B virus X gene product in cells permissive for viral replication