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Epidemiological studies show that natural killer (NK) cells have anti-HIV activity: they are able to reduce the risk of HIV infection and/or slow HIV disease progression. How NK cells contribute to these outcomes is not fully characterized. We used primary NK cells and autologous HIV-infected cells to examine the role of education through four inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (iKIRs) from persons with HLA types that are able to educate NK cells bearing one of these iKIRs. HIV-infected cells activated NK cells through missing-self mechanisms due to the downmodulation of cell surface HLA expression mediated by HIV Nef and Vpu. A higher frequency of educated than uneducated NK cells expressing each of these iKIRs responded to autologous HIV-infected cells by producing CCL4, IFN-γ, and CD107a. Since NK cells were from non-HIV-infected individuals, they model the consequences of healthy NK cell–HIV-infected cell interactions occurring in the HIV eclipse phase, when new infections are susceptible to extinction.

The Education of NK Cells Determines Their Responsiveness to Autologous HIV-Infected CD4 T Cells