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In eukaryotic cells, thes olubleN -ethylmaleimide-s ensitivef actor (NSF)a ttachment proteinre ceptor (SNARE) proteins comprise the minimal machinery that triggers fusion of transport vesicles with their target membranes. Comparative studies revealed that genes encoding the components of the SNARE system are highly conserved in yeast, insect, and human genomes. Upon infection of insect cells by the virus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), the transcript levels of most SNARE genes initially were upregulated. We found that overexpression of dominant-negative (DN) forms of NSF or knockdown of the expression of NSF, the key regulator of the SNARE system, significantly affected infectious AcMNPV production. In cells expressing DN NSF, entering virions were trapped in the cytoplasm or transported to the nucleus with low efficiency. The presence of DN NSF also moderately reduced trafficking of the viral envelope glycoprotein GP64 to the plasma membrane but dramatically inhibited production of infectious budded virions (BV). Transmission electron microscopy analysis of infections in cells expressing DN NSF revealed that progeny nucleocapsids were retained in a perinuclear space surrounded by inner and outer nuclear membranes. Several baculovirus conserved (core) proteins (Ac76, Ac78, GP41, Ac93, and Ac103) that are important for infectious budded virion production were found to associate with NSF, and NSF was detected within the assembled BV. Together, these data indicate that the cellular SNARE system is involved in AcMNPV infection and that NSF is required for efficient entry and nuclear egress of budded virions of AcMNPV.IMPORTANCE Little is known regarding the complex interplay between cellular factors and baculoviruses during viral entry and egress. Here, we examined the cellular SNARE system, which mediates the fusion of vesicles in healthy cells, and its relation to baculovirus infection. Using a DN approach and RNA interference knockdown, we demonstrated that a general disruption of the SNARE machinery significantly inhibited the production of infectious BV of AcMNPV. The presence of a DN NSF protein resulted in low-efficiency entry of BV and the retention of progeny nucleocapsids in the perinuclear space during egress. Combined with these effects, we also found that several conserved (core) baculovirus proteins closely associate with NSF, and these results suggest their involvement in the egress of BV. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that the SNARE system is required for efficient entry of BV and nuclear egress of progeny nucleocapsids of baculoviruses.

Roles of Cellular NSF Protein in Entry and Nuclear Egress of Budded Virions of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus