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Saccharomyces boulardii (nom. inval.) has been used for the treatment of several types of diarrhea. Recent studies have confirmed thatS. boulardii is effective in the treatment of diarrhea, in particular chronic or recurrent diarrhea, and furthermore that it is a safe and well-tolerated treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify strains ofS. boulardii to the species level and assess their virulence in established murine models. Three strains ofS. boulardii were obtained from commercially available products in France and Italy. The threeS. boulardii strains did not form spores upon repeated testing. Therefore, classical methods used for the identification ofSaccharomyces spp. could not be undertaken. Typing by using the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the PCR-amplified intergenic transcribed spacer regions (including the 5.8S ribosomal DNA) showed that the three isolates ofS. boulardii were not separable from authentic isolates ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae with any of the 10 restriction endonucleases assessed, whereas 9 of the 10 recognized species ofSaccharomyces could be differentiated. RFLP analysis of cellular DNA withEco RI showed that all three strains ofS. boulardii had identical patterns and were similar to other authenticS. cerevisiae isolates tested. Therefore, the commercial strains ofS. boulardii available to us cannot be genotypically distinguished fromS. cerevisiae . TwoS. boulardii strains were tested in CD-1 and DBA/2N mouse models of systemic disease and showed intermediate virulence compared with virulent and avirulent strains ofS. cerevisiae . The results of the present study show that theseS. boulardii strains are asporogenous strains of the speciesS. cerevisiae , not representatives of a distinct and separate species, and possess moderate virulence in murine models of systemic infection. Therefore, caution should be advised in the clinical use of these strains in immunocompromised patients until further study is undertaken.

Species Identification and Virulence Attributes of Saccharomyces boulardii (nom. inval.)