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We developed and evaluated a two-step PCR-based assay with universal primers and genus- or species-specific primers for the detection of the most prevalent bacterial etiologies of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children from Lebanese hospitals. These etiologies included Haemophilus, Streptococcus, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, which were detected in middle-ear effusion (MEE) samples taken from children with OME. A total of 47 MEE samples were aspirated from 36 patients during insertion of a tympanostomy tube performed particularly for OME. The duration of effusion in all patients was &gt; or =2 months. DNA was extracted from MEE samples, and PCR was initially done with DNA extracts by using the universal primers RW01 and DG74, which flank an approximately 370-bp fragment found in the 16S rRNA gene of all bacterial species. For the identification of specific bacteria, we used in three separate reaction mixtures the following genus- or species-specific primers: (i) a Haemophilus-specific probe (probe RDR125) as a primer along with DG74, (ii) a Streptococcus-specific primer (primer STR1; designed by us) along with DG74, and (iii) an M. catarrhalis-specific primer pair (primer pair MCA1-MCA2). Thirty-five MEE samples (74.5%) gave the expected 370-bp band, indicating the presence of bacterial DNA in the tested samples. Of the 35 PCR-positive samples tested, 33 (94.3%) were positive for Haemophilus, 3 (8.6%) were positive for Streptococcus, and 10 (28.6%) were positive for M. catarrhalis. Ten samples (28.6%) exhibited a mixed infection and were positive for both Haemophilus and M. catarrhalis. Culture was simultaneously performed for all 47 MEE samples. Ten of the 47 MEE samples (21.3%) exhibited bacterial growth. These 10 were PCR positive for bacterial DNA. The remaining 25 PCR-positive samples were negative by culture, thus showing about 53% discordance between PCR results and those of culture. The PCR assay proved to be more sensitive than culture, more rapid, less cumbersome, and more cost-effective than the available PCR-Southern hybridization-based assays.

Two-Step PCR-Based Assay for Identification of Bacterial Etiology of Otitis Media with Effusion in Infected Lebanese Children