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Eimeria tenella, a protozoan parasite belonging to the class Sporozoa, is the etiological agent of cecal coccidiosis of chickens. This organism goes through a typical sporozoan life cycle and, with the exception ofsporulation of the oocyst, all stages occur within the host's intestinal tract. Invasion of the intestinal epithelium by sporozoites and merozoites results in considerable tissue destruction and, in acute cases, severe hemorrhaging by the fifth day of infection, at which time mortality among the hosts reaches a peak. It has been known for some time that under certain poorly defined conditions intestinal bacteria of the chicken may invade the tissues and set up local infections in the liver, spleen, and other organs. Morse (1908) frequently found "Bacterium aerogenes," "B. coli," "B. proteus," and "Bacillus pyocyaneus" in various organs of chickens which had succumbed to "white diarrhea." Hadley (1909) found bacterial invasion of the viscera in chickens infected with Coccidium cuniculi. This bacterial invasion was studied further by Fantham (1910), who employed coccidia-infected wild grouse. He explained that the sporozoites and merozoites act "as inoculating needles," permitting injurious bacteria to pass into the tissue of the gut, "whence, by way of the blood and lymph, they can reach other organs." Many other workers have reported similar results, which are well reviewed and discussed by Ott (1937). The latter isolated Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus albus, Salmonella pullorum, and an unidentified coccus from the livers of 36 out of 46 one-year-old White Leghorn hens infected with Eimeria tenella. Ott found little evidence of bacterial invasion in normal, E. tenellafree chickens. By feeding broth cultures of E. coli to infected hens, he was able to increase the percentage of livers infected with this bacterium. Ott concluded that there is some relationship between cecal bacteria and cecal coccidiosis. Recently, Mann (1947) reported considerable success in stamping out cecal coccidiosis by increasing the carbohydrate and reducing the protein and roughage components in the ration. He believed that roughage "caused sufficient damage to the mucosa to pave the way for coccidial invasion." He also thought that the presence of roughage stimulated the activity of certain intestinal bacteria, which assisted coccidial invasion. Mann (1945a,b) previously found that roughage and protein stimulated proliferation of anaerobic intestinal bacteria,

Bacterial Population Changes in the Ceca of Young Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella