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TheBacillus subtilis ripX gene encodes a protein that has 37 and 44% identity with the XerC and XerD site-specific recombinases ofEscherichia coli . XerC and XerD are hypothesized to act in concert at thedif site to resolve dimeric chromosomes formed by recombination during replication. Cultures ofripX mutants contained a subpopulation of unequal-size cells held together in long chains. The chains included anucleate cells and cells with aberrantly dense or diffuse nucleoids, indicating a chromosome partitioning failure. This result is consistent with RipX having a role in the resolution of chromosome dimers inB. subtilis . Spores contain a single uninitiated chromosome, and analysis of germinated, outgrowing spores showed that the placement of FtsZ rings and septa is affected inripX strains by the first division after the initiation of germination. The introduction of arecA mutation intoripX strains resulted in only slight modifications of theripX phenotype, suggesting that chromosome dimers can form in a RecA-independent manner inB. subtilis . In addition to RipX, the CodV protein ofB. subtilis shows extensive similarity to XerC and XerD. The RipX and CodV proteins were shown to bind in vitro to DNA containing theE. coli dif site. Together they functioned efficiently in vitro to catalyze site-specific cleavage of an artificial Holliday junction containing adif site. Inactivation ofcodV alone did not cause a discernible change in phenotype, and it is speculated that RipX can substitute for CodV in vivo.

The ripX Locus of Bacillus subtilis Encodes a Site-Specific Recombinase Involved in Proper Chromosome Partitioning