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To study the molecular evolution of flagellin, the protein subunit specifying flagellar (H) antigens, thefliC genes from 15 pathogenic strains ofEscherichia coli were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Comparison offliC sequences of H6 and H7 strains revealed that alleles have a mosaic structure indicating the occurrence of past horizontal transfer of DNA segments between strains. The close similarity of H7 sequences also indicates the exchange of an entirefliC H7 allele between distant clonal lineages. In addition, the ratio of silent substitutions to amino acid replacements suggests that a short segment in the central region offliC has been under positive selection in the divergence of H6 and H7 alleles. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that thefliC sequences of O157:H7 and O55:H7 serotypes are nearly identical and highly divergent from those ofE. coli strains expressing H6 and H2 flagellar antigens. A nonmotile clone of sorbitol-fermenting O157 has rapidly accumulated multiple mutations infliC , presumably as a result of the silencing of flagellin expression.

Sequence Diversity of Flagellin (fliC) Alleles in PathogenicEscherichia coli