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DNA can be transferred among eubacteria and to plants and fungi by related, plasmid-mediated processes collectively referred to as bacterial conjugation. Conjugation occurs between cells in contact with one another and results in the unidirectional delivery of DNA from a bacterial donor to a recipient. Recent experiments that have reexamined the directionality of DNA flow during conjugation have come to different conclusions, some suggesting that genetic material also flows from recipient cells into the donor and that this process, termed retrotransfer, is likewise directed by donor-encoded functions. Given that bacteria are perhaps united with all living creatures by conjugation, the possibility of gene flow into donor bacteria during conjugation raises interesting evolutionary and biocontainment issues. Here we report that plasmid transmission from bacterial recipients to donors is not a donor-mediated event. Movement of genetic material from recipients to donors was inhibited by streptomycin, which does not inhibit the conjugative donor, indicating that retrotransfer requires gene expression in recipients. Furthermore, retrotransfer was reduced in matings mediated by plasmids that encode strong entry exclusion, to a similar degree as matings between two donors. Therefore we suggest that retrotransfer is in fact newly initiated conjugation between transconjugants and donors.

Retrotransfer in Escherichia coli conjugation: bidirectional exchange or de novo mating?