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Plasmid pE194 has been shown to be rescued by integration after cultivation of infected Bacillus subtilis recE4 cells at a restrictive high temperature. The plasmid is also spontaneously excised from the chromosome at a low frequency by precise or imprecise excision (J. Hofemeister, M. Israeli-Reches, and D. Dubnau, Mol. Gen. Genet. 189:58-68, 1983). We have investigated nine excision plasmids, carrying insert DNA 1 to 6 kbp in length, either in a complete pE194 or in a partially deleted pE194 copy. Type 1 (additive) excision plasmids have the left- and right-junction DNAs preserved as 13-bp direct repeats (5'-GGGGAGAAAACAT-3') corresponding to the region between positions 864 and 876 in pE194. In type 2 (substitutive) excision plasmids, a conserved 13-bp sequence remains only at the right junction while the left junction has been deleted during the excision process. The type 3 excision plasmid carries at each junction the tetranucleotide 5'-TCCC-3', present in pE194 between positions 1995 and 1998. Although we isolated the excision plasmids from different integration mutants, the insert DNAs of eight independently isolated plasmids showed striking sequence homology, suggesting that they originated from one distinct region of the B. subtilis chromosome. Thus, we postulate that imprecise excision of pE194 occurs most frequently after its translocation from the original insertion site into a preferred excision site within the host chromosome. The imprecise excision from this site occurs at excision breakpoints outside the pE194-chromosome junctions in a chromosomal region which remains to be investigated further.

Imprecise excision of plasmid pE194 from the chromosomes of Bacillus subtilis pE194 insertion strains