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Legionella longbeachae causes most cases of legionellosis in Australia and may be underreported worldwide due to the lack ofL. longbeachae -specific diagnostic tests.L. longbeachae displays distinctive differences in intracellular trafficking, caspase 1 activation, and infection in mouse models compared toLegionella pneumophila , yet these two species have indistinguishable clinical presentations in humans. Unlike other legionellae, which inhabit freshwater systems,L. longbeachae is found predominantly in moist soil. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the genome of anL. longbeachae clinical isolate from Oregon, isolate D-4968, and compared it to the previously published genomes ofL. pneumophila . The results revealed that the D-4968 genome is larger than theL. pneumophila genome and has a gene order that is different from that of theL. pneumophila genome. Genes encoding structural components of type II, type IV Lvh, and type IV Icm/Dot secretion systems are conserved. In contrast, only 42/140 homologs of genes encodingL. pneumophila Icm/Dot substrates have been found in the D-4968 genome.L. longbeachae encodes numerous proteins with eukaryotic motifs and eukaryote-like proteins unique to this species, including 16 ankyrin repeat-containing proteins and a novel U-box protein. We predict that these proteins are secreted by theL. longbeachae Icm/Dot secretion system. In contrast to theL. pneumophila genome, theL. longbeachae D-4968 genome does not contain flagellar biosynthesis genes, yet it contains a chemotaxis operon. The lack of a flagellum explains the failure ofL. longbeachae to activate caspase 1 and trigger pyroptosis in murine macrophages. These unique features ofL. longbeachae may reflect adaptation of this species to life in soil.

Virulence Factors Encoded by Legionella longbeachae Identified on the Basis of the Genome Sequence Analysis of Clinical Isolate D-4968