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Acclimation of cyanobacteria to environmental changes includes major changes in the gene expression patterns partly orchestrated by the replacement of a particular σ subunit with another in the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 encodes nine σ factors, all belonging to the σ(70) family. Cyanobacteria typically encode many group 2 σ factors that closely resemble the principal σ factor. We inactivated three out of the four group 2 σ factors of Synechocystis simultaneously in all possible combinations and found that all triple inactivation strains grow well under standard conditions. Unlike the other strains, the ΔsigBCD strain, which contains SigE as the only functional group 2 σ factor, did not grow faster under mixotrophic than under autotrophic conditions. The SigB and SigD factors were important in low-temperature acclimation, especially under diurnal light rhythm. The ΔsigBCD, ΔsigBCE, and ΔsigBDE strains were sensitive to high-light-induced photoinhibition, indicating a central role of the SigB factor in high-light tolerance. Furthermore, the ΔsigBCE strain (SigD is the only functional group 2 σ factor) appeared to be locked in the high-fluorescence state (state 1) and grew slowly in blue but not in orange or white light. Our results suggest that features of the triple inactivation strains can be categorized as (i) direct consequences of the inactivation of a particular σ factor(s) and (ii) effects resulting from the higher probability that the remaining group 2 σ factors associate with the RNA polymerase core.

Effects of Deficiency and Overdose of Group 2 Sigma Factors in Triple Inactivation Strains of Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803