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The insect-transmitted plant pathogenXylella fastidiosa is capable of efficient horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and recombination. Natural transformation occurs at high rates inX. fastidiosa , but there also is evidence that certain strains ofX. fastidiosa carry native plasmids equipped with transfer and mobilization genes, suggesting conjugation as an additional mechanism of HGT in some instances. Two operons,tra andtrb , putatively encoding a conjugative type IV secretion system, are found in some but not allX. fastidiosa isolates, often on native plasmids.X. fastidiosa strains that carry the conjugative transfer genes can belong to different subspecies and frequently differ in host ranges. UsingX. fastidiosa strain M23 (X. fastidiosa subsp.fastidiosa ) or Dixon (X. fastidiosa subsp.multiplex ) as the donor strain and Temecula (X. fastidiosa subsp.fastidiosa ) as the recipient strain, plasmid transfer was characterized using the mobilizable broad-host-range vector pBBR5pemIK. Transfer of plasmid pBBR5pemIK was observed underin vitro conditions with both donor strains and was dependent on bothtra andtrb operon functions. A conjugative mechanism likely contributes to gene transfer between diverse strains ofX. fastidiosa , possibly facilitating adaptation to new environments or different hosts.IMPORTANCE Xylella fastidiosa is an important plant pathogen worldwide, infecting a wide range of different plant species. The emergence of new diseases caused byX. fastidiosa , or host switching of existing strains, is thought to be primarily due to the high frequency of HGT and recombination in this pathogen. Transfer of plasmids by a conjugative mechanism enables movement of larger amounts of genetic material at one time, compared with other routes of gene transfer such as natural transformation. Establishing the prevalence and functionality of this mechanism inX. fastidiosa contributes to a better understanding of HGT, adaptation, and disease emergence in this diverse pathogen.

Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Xylella fastidiosa Is Dependent on tra and trb Operon Functions