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Flagellum is the major organelle for motility in many bacterial species. While most bacteria possess external flagella, such as the multiple peritrichous flagella found inEscherichia coli andSalmonella enterica or the single polar sheathed flagellum inVibrio spp., spirochetes uniquely assemble periplasmic flagella, which are embedded between their inner and outer membranes. Here, we show for the first time that the external flagella inVibrio alginolyticus can be changed as periplasmic flagella by deleting two flagellar genes. The discovery here may provide new insights into the molecular basis underlying assembly, diversity, and evolution of flagella.

The Vibrio H-Ring Facilitates the Outer Membrane Penetration of the Polar Sheathed Flagellum