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Yersinia pestis , the cause of bubonic plague, blocks feeding by its vector, the flea. Recent evidence indicates that blockage is mediated by an in vivo biofilm.Y. pestis and the closely relatedYersinia pseudotuberculosis also make biofilms on the cuticle of the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans , which block this laboratory animal's feeding. Random screening ofY. pseudotuberculosis transposon insertion mutants with aC. elegans biofilm assay identifiedgmhA as a gene required for normal biofilms.gmhA encodes phosphoheptose isomerase, an enzyme required for synthesis of heptose, a conserved component of lipopolysaccharide and lipooligosaccharide. AY. pestis gmhA mutant was constructed and was severely defective forC. elegans biofilm formation and for flea blockage but only moderately defective in an in vitro biofilm assay. These results validate use of theC. elegans biofilm system to identify genes and pathways involved inY. pestis flea blockage.

Identification of gmhA , a Yersinia pestis Gene Required for Flea Blockage, by Using a Caenorhabditis elegans Biofilm System