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The immune system provides different mechanisms to pro- tect organisms against pathogens, most of which are infectious agents. Simultaneously, immune activation secondary to ge- netic factors and/or environmental signals can induce detri- mental autoimmunity. The effector pathways in host defense and autoimmunity use similar cytokines and chemokines. Ac- cordingly, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), for instance, is similarly important in the control of various infections and in the induction of autoimmunity. Hallmarks of the adaptive immune system are antigen-spe- cific cellular and humoral immune responses. Secondary lym- phoid organs serve as sites of contact between antigen-present- ing cells (APCs) and immune effector T and B lymphocytes. Chemokines and cytokines serve as messengers determining the type of immune response to a given antigen. The TNF family cytokine lymphotoxin (LT) plays a pivotal role in the development of secondary lymphoid organs. The chronic and relapsing course of many autoimmune dis- eases calls for new biological agents capable of suppressing the underlying inflammatory disorders. Recent studies indicate that inhibition of LT receptor (LTR)-mediated signaling in adult animals suppresses autoimmunity by modulating the cel- lular structure of secondary lymphoid organs (reviewed in ref- erence 22). Because of the wide range of autoimmune diseases positively influenced by this treatment, blockade of the LTR might serve as a new treatment principle for human autoim- mune diseases. However, immune responses to infectious pathogens are also altered in mice with disrupted LTR sig- naling. While the course of virus- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced shock, experimental Trypanosoma brucei infec- tion, cerebral malaria, and experimental prion disease are less severe, inhibition of the LTR is also associated with exacer- bation of mycobacterial infection and infectious colitis. This review summarizes the findings of studies using mice with disrupted LTR signaling in models of infectious diseases and discusses the relevance of these observations in considering LTR blockade as a potential treatment for human autoim- mune diseases.

infection and immunity

Role of Lymphotoxin in Experimental Models of Infectious Diseases: Potential Benefits and Risks of a Therapeutic Inhibition of the Lymphotoxin-β Receptor Pathway