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The mechanism of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production induced by listeriolysin O (LLO), a cytolytic virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes, was analyzed with special reference to the involvement of macrophage-derived cytokines in spleen cells of mice. LLO purified from the culture supernatant of L. monocytogenes was capable of inducing a high level of IFN-gamma when its cytolytic activity was blocked by cholesterol treatment. The IFN-gamma-inducing ability of LLO was not dependent on possibly contaminating lipopolysaccharide. Depletion of CD11b(+) cells resulted in a profound decrease in IFN-gamma production in response to LLO stimulation. Negative selection also suggested the contribution of DX5(+) cells in IFN-gamma production. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) p35 and p40 was induced by LLO but that the IL-18 mRNA level in the CD11b(+) fraction of spleen cells was unchanged. There was no change in the expression of the IFN-gamma-inducing cytokine genes in the CD11b(-) fraction. Neutralization of IL-12 and IL-18 in culture abolished the IFN-gamma production almost completely. Spleen cells from IL-12- or IL-18-deficient mice never produced IFN-gamma after stimulation with LLO. These results clearly indicated that LLO, a well-known virulence factor of L. monocytogenes, is capable of inducing IFN-gamma from NK cells through induction of IL-12 and IL-18 from macrophages. LLO appeared to play essential roles, not only as a bacterial virulence factor but also as a bacterial modulin in the immune response of the host.

Essential Role of Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 for Gamma Interferon Production Induced by Listeriolysin O in Mouse Spleen Cells