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Nosocomial infections that result in the formation of biofilms on the surfaces of biomedical implants are a leading cause of sepsis and are often associated with colonization of the implants byStaphylococcus epidermidis . Biofilm formation is thought to require two sequential steps: adhesion of cells to a solid substrate followed by cell-cell adhesion, creating multiple layers of cells. Intercellular adhesion requires the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), which is composed of linear β-1,6-linked glucosaminylglycans and can be synthesized in vitro from UDP-N -acetylglucosamine by products of the intercellular adhesion (ica ) locus. We have investigated a variety ofStaphylococcus aureus strains and find that all strains tested contain theica locus and that several can form biofilms in vitro. Sequence comparison with theS. epidermidis ica genes revealed 59 to 78% amino acid identity. Deletion of theica locus results in a loss of the ability to form biofilms, produce PIA, or mediateN -acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in vitro. Cross-species hybridization experiments revealed the presence oficaA in several otherStaphylococcus species, suggesting that cell-cell adhesion and the potential to form biofilms is conserved within this genus.

The Intercellular Adhesion ( ica ) Locus Is Present in Staphylococcus aureus and Is Required for Biofilm Formation