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Intravenous (i.v.) administration of phagocytosable chitin particles (1 to 10 microm) in C57BL/6 mice and SCID mice primed alveolar macrophages (Mphi) within 3 days to yield up to a 50-fold increase in their oxidative burst when elicited in vitro with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). C57BL/6 mice pretreated with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against mouse gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) or NK1.1 showed a markedly decreased level of alveolar Mphi priming following injection of chitin particles. To confirm IFN-gamma production in vitro, spleen cells isolated from normal C57BL/6 mice and SCID mice were cultured with chitin particles. Significant IFN-gamma production was observed following stimulation with chitin but not with chitosan or latex beads. When spleen cells were treated with anti-NK1.1 MAb, IFN-gamma production was significantly inhibited. Another set of experiments showed that when C57BL/6 mice were pretreated i.v. with a small dose IFN-gamma, a higher level of priming was induced with not only phagocytosable chitin particles but also phagocytosable chitosan and even latex beads. Likewise, the spleen cell cultures preconditioned with IFN-gamma provided an up-regulation of IFN-gamma production by these phagocytosable particles. Taken together, the in vivo and in vitro results suggest that (i) the alveolar Mphi priming mechanism is due, at least in part, to direct activation of Mphi by IFN-gamma, which is produced by NK1.1+ CD4- cells; (ii) IFN-gamma would have an autocrine-like effect on Mphi and make them more responsive to particle priming; and (iii) phagocytosis of particulates, probably by a postmembrane event such as interiorization, appears to be important for the up-regulation of alveolar Mphi priming and IFN-gamma production.

Alveolar macrophage priming by intravenous administration of chitin particles, polymers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, in mice