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In previous studies, an in vitro ADP-ribosylation assay was developed to quantitatively evaluate the in vivo ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic target proteins in intact Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by pertussis toxin (PT). Immunoblot analysis identified the two PT-sensitive target proteins in CHO cells as Gi-2 and Gi-3. In this in vitro ADP-ribosylation assay, the ability of PT and ADP-ribosylate Gi-2 and Gi-3 intact CHO cells was not inhibited by cytochalasin D but was inhibited by chloroquine, monensin, and nocodazole. These data implicated the involvement of a cytochalasin D-independent endocytic mechanism, a pH-sensitive step, and microtubules in the ADP-ribosylation of Gi-2 and Gi-3 by PT in intact CHO cells. Preincubation of CHO cells with cycloheximide, at concentrations that reduced protein synthesis by &gt; 95%, did not inhibit the ability of PT to ADP-ribosylate Gi-2 and Gi-3. Control experiments showed that these agents did not affect either the ability of PT to directly ADP-ribosylate the heterotrimeric G protein, Gt, or the binding of PT to CHO cells, except that monensin slightly inhibited the binding of PT to CHO cells. These results are consistent with a model in which PT is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, probably via a cytochalasin D-independent pathway, which involves intracellular trafficking through late endosomes and the Golgi apparatus. An alternative model predicts the presence of a eukaryotic factor that traffics within cells via this pathway and is required by PT to ADP-ribosylate Gi proteins.

Pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gi-2 and Gi-3 in CHO cells is modulated by inhibitors of intracellular trafficking