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Formalin-killed Legionella pneumophila bacterial cells, as well as a purified cell wall preparation (designated F-1 antigen) containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), stimulated production of interferons (IFNs) in mouse spleen cell cultures. L. pneumophila whole-cell vaccine induced an IFN that was pH 2 labile and neutralized by anti-IFN-gamma indicating that IFN-gamma was the dominant form present. F-1 antigen induced a mixture of IFNs, depending upon the age of the culture and cell types present. In freshly prepared whole-spleen cultures and in 2-h adherent cultures, F-1 induced predominantly IFN-alpha/beta. In whole-spleen cultures that were allowed to age for 24 to 48 h before stimulation, F-1 was seen to induce mostly IFN-gamma, with low levels of IFN-alpha/beta present. Since only IFN-alpha/beta was produced in T-cell-depleted populations (at 2 h or at 48 h), it is suggested that T cells are responsible for IFN-gamma production in aged cultures. Additionally, heat-treated F-1, Escherichia coli LPS, and heat-treated E. coli LPS all induced similar levels of IFN-gamma in whole-splenocyte or nonadherent cell cultures which were incubated 48 h before stimulation. This suggests that LPS present in F-1 is responsible for IFN-gamma production and that an activated cell population is required. These results show that L. pneumophila antigens can induce the production of various types of IFN in mouse spleen cell cultures through several mechanisms.

Kinetics and characterization of interferon production by murine spleen cells stimulated with Legionella pneumophila antigens