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Lipopolysaccharide-responsive C3H/HeN mice were rendered resistant to a mouse-adapted strain of influenza (Aichi, H3 N2 ) virus whenPropionibacterium acnes was given either intranasally or intraperitoneally several days before virus infection. The time ofP. acnes treatment was important since no protection was demonstrated when this agent was given either on the same day as or several days after virus challenge. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice were not protected whenP. acnes was administered intranasally at any time before infection; however, protection was demonstrated whenP. acnes was given by the intraperitoneal route. Depending on the route of inoculation,P. acnes induced several distinctive immunological responses in the lungs of both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Intranasal inoculation was more effective in activating pulmonary macrophages in C3H/HeN than in C3H/HeJ mice. In contrast, intraperitoneal inoculation activated pulmonary natural killer cells in both mouse lines but did not activate pulmonary macrophages.

Enhancement of Natural Resistance to Influenza Virus in Lipopolysaccharide-Responsive and -Nonresponsive Mice by Propionibacterium acnes