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Commensals limit disease caused by invading pathogens; however, the mechanisms and genes utilized by beneficial microbes to inhibit pathogenesis are poorly understood. The attaching and effacing mouse pathogenCitrobacter rodentium associates intimately with the intestinal epithelium, and infections result in acute colitis.C. rodentium is used to model the human pathogens enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli and enteropathogenicE. coli . To confirm thatBacillus subtilis , a spore-forming bacterium found in the gut of mammals, could reduceC. rodentium -associated disease, mice received wild-typeB. subtilis spores and 24 h later were infected by oral gavage with pathogenicC. rodentium . Disease was assessed by determining the extent of colonic epithelial hyperplasia, goblet cell loss, diarrhea, and pathogen colonization. Mice that received wild-typeB. subtilis prior to enteric infection were protected from disease even thoughC. rodentium colonization was not inhibited. In contrast,espH andhag mutants, defective in exopolysaccharides and flagellum production, respectively, did not protect mice fromC. rodentium -associated disease. AmotAB mutant also failed to protect mice from disease, suggesting thatB. subtilis -mediated protection requires functional flagella. By expanding our current mechanistic knowledge of bacterial protection, we can better utilize beneficial microbes to prevent intestinal disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, ultimately reducing human disease. Our data demonstrate that wild-typeB. subtilis reduced disease caused byC. rodentium infection through a mechanism that requiredespH and functional flagella.

Bacillus subtilis-Mediated Protection from Citrobacter rodentium-Associated Enteric Disease Requires espH and Functional Flagella