English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The lethal toxin produced by Bacillus anthracis is a bipartite toxin in which the first protein, protective antigen (PA), transports the second protein, lethal factor, across the host cell membrane. We have previously shown that CD8(+) T-cell epitopes fused to a nontoxic derivative of lethal factor (LFn) are delivered into the host cell cytosol in a PA-dependent manner. Delivery of these antigens targets them to the intracellular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I processing and presentation pathway and leads to the stimulation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in vivo. In this report, we describe the generation and characterization of LFn fusion proteins that include not only a CD8(+) T-cell epitope but also a CD4(+) T-cell epitope. We first show that these fusion proteins induce antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses following incubation with dendritic cells in vitro or injection into mice. Stimulation of CD4(+) T cells by LFn fusion proteins does not require PA but is enhanced by PA in vitro. We also show that a single LFn fusion protein and PA can deliver antigen to both the MHC class II and the MHC class I pathways, resulting in the simultaneous induction of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the same mouse. These results suggest that this toxin delivery system is capable of stimulating protective immune responses where effective immunization requires stimulation of both classes of T cells.

Both CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells Respond to Antigens Fused to Anthrax Lethal Toxin

Both CD4 ⁺ and CD8 ⁺ T Cells Respond to Antigens Fused to Anthrax Lethal Toxin