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Leishmania infantum is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This infection triggers dendritic cell (DC) activation through the recognition of microbial products by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Among the TLRs, TLR9 is required for DC activation by differentLeishmania species. We demonstrated that TLR9 is upregulatedin vitro andin vivo during infection. We show that C57BL/6 mice deficient in TLR9 expression (TLR9−/− mice) are more susceptible to infection and display higher parasite numbers in the spleen and liver. The increased susceptibility of TLR9−/− mice was due to the impaired recruitment of neutrophils to the infection foci associated with reduced levels of neutrophil chemoattractants released by DCs in the target organs. Moreover, both Th1 and Th17 cells were also committed in TLR9−/− mice. TLR9-dependent neutrophil recruitment is mediated via the MyD88 signaling pathway but is TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) independent. Furthermore,L. infantum failed to activate both plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs from TLR9−/− mice, which presented reduced surface costimulatory molecule expression and chemokine release. Interestingly, neutrophil chemotaxis was affected bothin vitro andin vivo when DCs were derived from TLR9−/− mice. Our results suggest that TLR9 plays a critical role in neutrophil recruitment during the protective response againstL. infantum infection that could be associated with DC activation.

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling in Dendritic Cells Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment to Inflammatory Foci following Leishmania infantum Infection