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Mycoplasma bovis -induced immune suppression is a major obstacle faced by the host for controlling infections.M. bovis impairment of antigen-specific T-cell responses is achieved through inhibiting the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This impairment may contribute to the persistence ofM. bovis infection in various sites, including lungs, and its systemic spread to various organs such as joints, with the underlying mechanisms remaining elusive. Here, we elucidated the role of the immune-inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) inM. bovis infection. Flow cytometry (FCM) analyses revealed an upregulation of PD-L1 expression on tracheal and lung epithelial cell lines afterM. bovis infection. In addition, we found increased PD-L1 expression on purified lung lavage macrophages followingM. bovis infection by FCM and determined its localization by immunofluorescence analysis comparing infected and control lung tissue sections. Moreover,M. bovis infection increased the expression of the PD-1 receptor on total PBMCs and in gated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subpopulations. We demonstrated thatM. bovis infection induced a significant decrease in CD4+ PD-1INT and CD8+ PD-1INT subsets with intermediate PD-1 expression, which functioned as progenitor pools giving rise to CD4+ PD-1HIGH and CD8+ PD-1HIGH subsets with high PD-1 expression levels. We blocked PD-1 receptors on PBMCs using anti-PD-1 antibody at the beginning of infection, leading to a significant restoration of the proliferation of PBMCs. Taken together, our data indicate a significant involvement of the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway duringM. bovis infection and its associated immune exhaustion, culminating in impaired host immune responses.

infection and immunity

Mycoplasma bovis-Induced Inhibition of Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Proliferation Is Ameliorated after Blocking the Immune-Inhibitory Programmed Death 1 Receptor