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Antigenic polymorphism is a defining characteristic of theBabesia bovis variable merozoite surface antigen (VMSA) family. Sequence analysis strongly suggests that recombination between virulent strains contributes to VMSA diversity. While meiosis during the aneuploid stage of the parasite's life cycle in the tick vectorRhipicephalus (Boophilus )microplus is the most probable source of interstrain recombination, there is no definitive evidence that coinfection of the mammalian host orR. microplus ticks with more than one virulent strain occurs. Using allele-specific real-time quantitative PCR, we tested the hypotheses that cattle could support coinfection of two antigenically variant virulent tick-transmissible strains ofB. bovis and thatR. microplus ticks could acquire and transmit these two divergent strains. The results indicate that both calves and ticks can support virulentB. bovis coinfection through all phases of the hemoparasite's life cycle. Neither strain dominated in either the mammalian or invertebrate host, and larval tick progeny, which could be coinfected individually, were also able to transmit both strains, resulting in virulent babesiosis in recipients. While coinfection of the tick vector provides the context in which allelic antigenic diversity can be generated, recombination of VMSA genes could not be confirmed, suggesting that VMSA allelic changes are slow to accumulate.

infection and immunity

Coinfection with Antigenically and Genetically Distinct Virulent Strains of <i>Babesia bovis</i> Is Maintained through All Phases of the Parasite Life Cycle

Coinfection with Antigenically and Genetically Distinct Virulent Strains of Babesia bovis Is Maintained through All Phases of the Parasite Life Cycle