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PrimaryMycobacterium tuberculosis infection results in granuloma formation in lung tissue. A granuloma encapsulates mycobacterium-containing cells, thereby preventing dissemination and further infection. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a host-protective cytokine duringM. tuberculosis infection due to its role in promoting and sustaining granuloma formation. TNF activity is regulated through the production of soluble TNF receptors (sTNFRI and sTNFRII). Therefore, we examined the potential production of endogenous sTNFRs duringM. tuberculosis infection. Using the murine model of aerosolM. tuberculosis infection, we determined that levels of sTNFR production were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 1 month following infection. An investigation ofM. tuberculosis cell wall components identified that the known virulence factor mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) was sufficient to induce sTNFR production, with sTNFRII being produced preferentially compared with sTNFRI. ManLAM stimulated the release of sTNFRs without TNF production, which corresponded to an increase in TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) activity. To determine the relevance of these findings, serum samples fromM. tuberculosis -infected patients were tested and found to have an increase in the sTNFRII/sTNFRI ratio. These data identify a mechanism by whichM. tuberculosis infection can promote the neutralization of TNF and furthermore suggest the potential use of the sTNFRII/sTNFRI ratio as an indicator of tuberculosis disease.

infection and immunity

Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Production through Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Converting Enzyme Activation