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TheEscherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) is a potent vaccine adjuvant.Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ghosts carrying LTB (S . Enteritidis-LTB ghosts) were genetically constructed using a novel plasmid, pJHL187-LTB, designed for the coexpression of the LTB and E lysis proteins.S . Enteritidis-LTB ghosts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy to visualize their transmembrane tunnel structures. The expression of LTB inS . Enteritidis-LTB ghost preparations was confirmed by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The parenteral adjuvant activity of LTB was demonstrated by immunizing chickens with eitherS . Enteritidis-LTB ghosts orS . Enteritidis ghosts. Chickens were intramuscularly primed at 5 weeks of age and subsequently boosted at 8 weeks of age. In total, 60 chickens were equally divided into three groups (n = 20 for each): group A, nonvaccinated control; group B, immunized withS . Enteritidis-LTB ghosts; and group C, immunized withS . Enteritidis ghosts. Compared with the nonimmunized chickens (group A), the immunized chickens (groups B and C) exhibited increased titers of plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA antibodies. The CD3+ CD4+ subpopulation of T cells was also significantly increased in both immunized groups. Among the immunized chickens, those in group B exhibited significantly increased titers of specific plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies compared with those in group C, indicating the immunomodulatory effects of the LTB adjuvant. Furthermore, both immunized groups exhibited decreased bacterial loads in their feces and internal organs. These results indicate that parenteral immunization withS . Enteritidis-LTB ghosts can stimulate superior induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses compared to immunization withS . Enteritidis ghosts alone, thus conferring efficient protection against salmonellosis.

clinical and vaccine immunology

Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Ghosts Carrying the Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit Are Capable of Inducing Enhanced Protective Immune Responses