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Cross-species transmission has been shown to play an important role in the emergence of human retroviruses. We developed a generic enzyme immunoassay using synthetic peptides from gp41 and C2V3 consensus sequences (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] type 1 [HIV-1] groups M, O, and N and the homologous region of simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV] strains from chimpanzees [SIVcpz], SIVcpzGAB1 and SIVcpzANT) to detect divergent HIV and SIV. A cocktail of peptides from gp41 and C2V3 (M-O) detected all HIV-1 group M and O sera and showed cross-reactivity with SIVcpz sera. Further, a mixture of C2V3 peptides (GAB1-ANT) failed to detect HIV-1 infections but reacted with all SIVcpz sera, allowing discrimination of SIVcpz from HIV-1 infections. Since most SIVcpz sera cross-reacted with HIV-1 peptides, we next evaluated SIVcpz serum reactivity with rapid tests for HIV-1/2. SIVcpzANT and SIVcpzUS sera reacted with the Sero-strip and Multispot assays. Both tests are sensitive in detecting group M (97 100%, respectively), although Multispot has lower sensitivity for group O detection (67%) than does Sero-strip (100%). The limited volume and time required to perform these assays make them a generic tool for field screening. The env peptide-based assay and rapid tests should allow for the identification of emerging variants of HIV and SIV.

Serological Detection of Infection with Diverse Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Using Consensus env Peptides