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The performance of different in vitro diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) was investigated in a transiently neutropenic rat model. Rats were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide and then inoculated intravenously with 1.5 x 10(4) CFU Aspergillus fumigatus spores. Animals were then either treated with caspofungin acetate, 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days, or not treated. PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time PCR, and galactomannan (GM) detection were performed on postmortem blood samples, along with culture of liver, lung, and kidney homogenate. Caspofungin-treated animals showed a decrease in residual tissue burden of A. fumigatus from organ homogenate compared to untreated animals (P &lt; 0.002). PCR-ELISA returned positive results for 11/17 animals treated with antifungal agents and for 10/17 untreated animals. Galactomannan was positive in 8/17 caspofungin-treated animals and 4/17 untreated animals. Real-time PCR was positive in 2/17 treated and 3/17 untreated animals. This study demonstrates that PCR-ELISA is a more sensitive test than either GM detection (P = 0.052) or real-time PCR (P &lt; 0.01) for diagnosis of IA but that any of the three tests may return false-negative results in cases of histologically proven disease. Galactomannan indices from animals treated with antifungal agents showed a trend (P = 0.1) towards higher levels than those of untreated animals, but no effect was observed with PCR-ELISA indices (P = 0.29). GM detection, as previously described, may be enhanced by the administration of caspofungin, but PCR-ELISA appears not to be affected in the same way. We conclude that PCR-ELISA is a more sensitive and reliable method for laboratory diagnosis of IA.

clinical and vaccine immunology

Comparison of Galactomannan Detection, PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and Real-Time PCR for Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis in a Neutropenic Rat Model and Effect of Caspofungin Acetate