English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The role of glycine betaine and choline in osmoprotection of variousRhizobium ,Sinorhizobium ,Mesorhizobium ,Agrobacterium , andBradyrhizobium reference strains which display a large variation in salt tolerance was investigated. When externally provided, both compounds enhanced the growth ofRhizobium tropici ,Sinorhizobium meliloti ,Sinorhizobium fredii ,Rhizobium galegae ,Agrobacterium tumefaciens ,Mesorhizobium loti , andMesorhizobium huakuii , demonstrating their utilization as osmoprotectants. However, both compounds were inefficient for the most salt-sensitive strains, such asRhizobium leguminosarum (all biovars),Agrobacterium rhizogenes ,Rhizobium etli , andBradyrhizobium japonicum . Except forB. japonicum , all strains exhibit transport activity for glycine betaine and choline. When the medium osmolarity was raised, choline uptake activity was inhibited, whereas glycine betaine uptake was either increased inR. leguminosarum andS. meliloti or, more surprisingly, reduced inR. tropici ,S. fredii , andM. loti . The transport of glycine betaine was increased by growing the cells in the presence of the substrate. With the exception ofB. japonicum , all strains were able to use glycine betaine and choline as sole carbon and nitrogen sources. This catabolic function, reported for only a few soil bacteria, could increase competitiveness of rhizobial species in the rhizosphere. Choline dehydrogenase and betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase activities were present in the cells of all strains with the exception ofM. huakuii andB. japonicum . The main physiological role of glycine betaine in the familyRhizobiaceae seems to be as an energy source, while its contribution to osmoprotection is restricted to certain strains.

Occurrence of Choline and Glycine Betaine Uptake and Metabolism in the Family Rhizobiaceae and Their Roles in Osmoprotection