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Two bacterial strains were dominant in anaerobic enrichment cultures with betaine (N,N,N -trimethylglycine) as a substrate and intertidal mud as an inoculum. One was a coccoid bacterium which was a trimethylamine (TMA)-fermenting methanogen similar toMethanococcoides methylutens. The other strain, a rod-shaped, gram-negative, motile bacterium, fermented betaine. On the basis of its ability to oxidize acetate and ethanol to CO2 with sulfur as an electron acceptor, its inability to reduce sulfate and sulfite, its morphology, the presence ofc -type cytochromes, and other characteristics, the isolated strain PM1 was identified asDesulfuromonas acetoxidans. Although only malate and fumarate were known as substrates for fermentative growth of this species, the type strain (DSM 684) also fermented betaine. Strain PM1 grew with a doubling time of 9.5 h at 30°C on betaine and produced approximately 1 mol of TMA per mol of betaine, 0.75 mol of acetate, and presumably CO2 as fermentation products but only in the presence of selenite (100 nM). In this fermentation, betaine is probably reductively cleaved to TMA and acetate, and part of the acetate is then oxidized to CO2 to provide the reducing equivalents for the initial cleavage reaction. In the presence of sulfur, betaine was converted to TMA and presumably CO2 with the formation of sulfide; then, only traces of acetate were produced.

Betaine Fermentation and Oxidation by Marine Desulfuromonas Strains