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A collection of 74 rhizobial isolates recovered from nodules of the desert woody legumesProsopis glandulosa, Psorothamnus spinosus , andAcacia constricta were characterized by using 61 nutritional and biochemical tests. We compared isolates fromA. constricta andProsopis glandulosa and tested the hypothesis that the rhizobia from a deep-phreatic rooting zone of aProsopis woodland in the Sonoran Desert of southern California were phenetically distinct from rhizobia from surface soils. Cluster analysis identified four major homogeneous groups. The first phenon contained slow-growing (SG)Prosopis rhizobia from surface and deep-phreatic-soil environments. These isolates grew poorly on most of the media used in the study, probably because of their requirement for a high medium pH. The second group of isolates primarily contained SGProsopis rhizobia from the deep-phreatic rooting environment and included two fast-growing (FG)Psorothamnus rhizobia. These isolates were nutritionally versatile and grew over a broad pH range. The third major phenon was composed mainly of FGProsopis rhizobia from surface and dry subsurface soils. While these isolates used a restricted range of carbohydrates (including sucrose) as sole carbon sources, they showed better growth on a range of organic acids as sole carbon sources and amino acids as sole carbon and nitrogen sources than did other isolates in the study. They grew better at 36°C than at 26°C. The FGAcacia rhizobia from surface-soil environments formed a final major phenon that was distinct from theProsopis isolates. They produced very high absorbance readings on all of the carbohydrates tested except sucrose, grew poorly on many of the other substrates tested, and preferred a 36 to a 26°C incubation temperature. The surface populations ofProsopis rhizobia required a higher pH for growth and, under the conditions used in this study, were less tolerant of low solute potential and high growth temperature than were phreatic-soil isolates. SGProsopis rhizobia from phreatic and surface soils were physiologically distinct, suggesting adaptation to their respective soil environments.

Characteristics of Woodland Rhizobial Populations from Surface- and Deep-Soil Environments of the Sonoran Desert