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An indirect phage analysis procedure was used to detect and follow the activity of the bacterial predatorEnsifer adhaerens in situ in natural soil. The soil was percolated with an aqueous suspension of washed bacterial host cells so that theE. adhaerens cells naturally present in the soil would multiply in response to the host cells. The natural phage development which ensued against these multiplyingE. adhaerens cells in the soil was then monitored by noting plaques which developed when the percolation fluid was plated with laboratory strains ofE. adhaerens on laboratory media. The activities of the other members of the predation system that includesE. adhaerens (Streptomyces sp. strain 34 and a myxobacter) could not be monitored directly by phage analysis because phage were not found for them. Indirect monitoring was possible, however, because they were susceptible to attack byE. adhaerens. In general, the results were in agreement with previous observations by other methods of the predation sequence.E. adhaerens attackedMicrococcus luteus, Streptomyces sp. strain 34, and the myxobacter but did not attack several other possible species of hosts. It also did not respond to percolation of the soil with various nutrient solutions.E. adhaerens phage activity was not present in half of the soils percolated withM. luteus cells. This seemed to reflect too great a phage-host specificity for the technique as regards these soils, becauseE. adhaerens -like bacteria other than the strains used for plaquing were present in at least some of these soils. AlthoughE. adhaerens did not attackEscherichia coli orPseudomonas aeruginosa in soil, there was an overproduction ofE. adhaerens phage if these bacteria were percolated simultaneously withM. luteus cells. The possibility is discussed that this represents an activation byM. luteus (or by a heat-extractable factor from it) of other bacterial predators that attackE. coli orP. aeruginosa and that these predators subsequently are themselves attacked byE. adhaerens.

Ensifer adhaerens Predatory Activity Against Other Bacteria in Soil, as Monitored by Indirect Phage Analysis