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Plant pathogenXanthomonas campestris pv. campestris producescis -11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid (diffusible signal factor [DSF]) as a cell-cell communication signal to regulate biofilm dispersal and virulence factor production. Previous studies have demonstrated that DSF biosynthesis is dependent on the presence of RpfF, an enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase, but the DSF synthetic mechanism and the influence of the host plant on DSF biosynthesis are still not clear. We show here that exogenous addition of host plant juice or ethanol extract to the growth medium ofX. campestris pv. campestris could significantly boost DSF family signal production. It was subsequently revealed thatX. campestris pv. campestris produces not only DSF but also BDSF (cis -2-dodecenoic acid) and another novel DSF family signal, which was designated DSF-II. BDSF was originally identified inBurkholderia cenocepacia to be involved in regulation of motility, biofilm formation, and virulence inB. cenocepacia . Functional analysis suggested that DSF-II plays a role equal to that of DSF in regulation of biofilm dispersion and virulence factor production inX. campestris pv. campestris. Furthermore, chromatographic separation led to identification of glucose as a specific molecule stimulating DSF family signal biosynthesis inX. campestris pv. campestris.13 C-labeling experiments demonstrated that glucose acts as a substrate to provide a carbon element for DSF biosynthesis. The results of this study indicate thatX. campestris pv. campestris could utilize a common metabolite of the host plant to enhance DSF family signal synthesis and therefore promote virulence.

The Host Plant Metabolite Glucose Is the Precursor of Diffusible Signal Factor (DSF) Family Signals in Xanthomonas campestris