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Quantification of human astrovirus genogroups A and B was undertaken with sewage and water samples, collected from the Greater Cairo area in Egypt from November 1998 to October 1999, by a competitive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with an internal control. The number of RNA copies of genogroup A/liter in quantifiable samples ranged from 3.4 x 10(3) to 5.6 x 10(6) in raw sewage and from 3.4 x 10(3) to 1.1 x 10(4) in treated effluents, while the number of infectious units per liter in these samples as determined by cell culture RT-PCR (CC-RT-PCR U/liter) ranged from 3.3 x 10(1) to 3.3 x 10(3) in raw sewage and was 3.3 x 10(0) in treated effluents. On the other hand, the number of RNA copies/liter in quantifiable genogroup B samples ranged from 1.1 x 10(4) to 8.7 x 10(6) in raw sewage and from 1.1 x 10(3) to 6.2 x 10(5) in treated effluents, while the number of infectious units ranged from 3.3 x 10(1) to 3.3 x 10(5) CC-RT-PCR U/liter in raw sewage and from 3.3 x 10(1) to 3.3 x 10(2) CC-RT-PCR U/liter in treated effluents. These higher numbers of both RNA copies/liter and infectious particles of genogroup B may indicate the emergence of genogroup B in the area. Additionally, genogroup B astrovirus exhibited a higher resistance to removal treatments with regard to the number of RNA copies per ml. When the equipment for real-time approaches is unavailable, a competitive PCR or RT-PCR with an internal control may be employed for virus quantification in validations of the efficiency of virus removal treatments.

Removal of Astrovirus from Water and Sewage Treatment Plants, Evaluated by a Competitive Reverse Transcription-PCR