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Soil is a complex niche, where survival of microorganisms is at risk due to the presence of antimicrobial agents. Many microbes chemically modify cytotoxic compounds to block their deleterious effects. Streptothricin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by streptomycetes that affects Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria alike. Here we identify the SatA (fors treptothricina cet yltransferaseA , formerly YyaR) enzyme ofBacillus subtilis as the mechanism used by this soil bacterium to detoxify streptothricin.B. subtilis strains lackingsatA were susceptible to streptothricin. Ectopic expression ofsatA + restored streptothricin resistance toB. subtilis satA (Bs SatA) strains. PurifiedBs SatA acetylated streptothricinin vitro at the expense of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). A single acetyl moiety transferred onto streptothricin by SatA blocked the toxic effects of the antibiotic. SatA bound streptothricin with high affinity (Kd [dissociation constant] = 1 μM), and did not bind acetyl-CoA in the absence of streptothricin. Expression ofB. subtilis satA + inSalmonella enterica conferred streptothricin resistance, indicating that SatA was necessary and sufficient to detoxify streptothricin. Using this heterologous system, we showed that the SatA homologue fromBacillus anthracis also had streptothricin acetyltransferase activity. Our data highlight the physiological relevance of lysine acetylation for the survival ofB. subtilis in the soil.IMPORTANCE Experimental support is provided for the functional assignment of gene products of the soil-dwelling bacilliBacillus subtilis andBacillus anthracis . This study focuses on one enzyme that is necessary and sufficient to block the cytotoxic effects of a common soil antibiotic. The enzyme alluded to is a member of a family of proteins that are broadly distributed in all domains of life but poorly studied inB. subtilis andB. anthracis . The initial characterization of the enzyme provides insights into its mechanism of catalysis.

In Bacillus subtilis, the SatA (Formerly YyaR) Acetyltransferase Detoxifies Streptothricin via Lysine Acetylation