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Of 98 suspected food-borneClostridium perfringens isolates obtained from a nationwide survey by the Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority in The Netherlands, 59 strains were identified asC. perfringens type A. Using PCR-based techniques, thecpe gene encoding enterotoxin was detected in eight isolates, showing a chromosomal location for seven isolates and a plasmid location for one isolate. Further characterization of these strains by using (GTG)5 fingerprint repetitive sequence-based PCR analysis distinguishedC. perfringens from other sulfite-reducing clostridia but did not allow for differentiation between various types ofC. perfringens strains. To characterize theC. perfringens strains further, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis was performed on eight housekeeping genes of both enterotoxic and non-cpe isolates, and the data were combined with a previous global survey covering strains associated with food poisoning, gas gangrene, and isolates from food or healthy individuals. This revealed that the chromosomalcpe strains (food strains and isolates from food poisoning cases) belong to a distinct cluster that is significantly distant from all the othercpe plasmid-carrying andcpe -negative strains. These results suggest that different groups ofC. perfringens have undergone niche specialization and that a distinct group of food isolates has specific core genome sequences. Such findings have epidemiological and evolutionary significance. Better understanding of the origin and reservoir of enterotoxicC. perfringens may allow for improved control of this organism in foods.

applied and environmental microbiology

A Wide Variety of Clostridium perfringens Type A Food-Borne Isolates That Carry a Chromosomal <i>cpe</i> Gene Belong to One Multilocus Sequence Typing Cluster

A Wide Variety of Clostridium perfringens Type A Food-Borne Isolates That Carry a Chromosomal cpe Gene Belong to One Multilocus Sequence Typing Cluster