English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Myxococcus xanthus has to cope with changes in its environment during growth and development. Among these factors, the concentration of copper is crucial due to the essential toxic effect of this metal, which forces the cells to maintain a tight homeostasis. The M. xanthus copper response is more complex than that in other bacteria, which is reflected by the different copper sensitivities of growing and developing cells. In the present study, the participation in copper homeostasis of six heavy metal efflux systems encoded in the M. xanthus genome has been examined. Three of these pumps exhibit the signature sequences in transmembrane domain 4 of the Cus systems (Cus1, Cus2, and Cus3), while the other three exhibit the motifs of the Czc systems (Czc1, Czc2, and Czc3). The Cus2 and Cus3 systems are inducible by copper and monovalent metals, functioning as the main copper efflux pumps, while the Cus1 system is implicated in Zn(2+) homeostasis. The Czc systems are also differentially regulated either by divalent metals but not by copper (Czc1), by copper and divalent metals (Czc2), or by starvation (Czc3). The differential regulation of these six efflux systems ensures the proper completion of the M. xanthus life cycle in an environment with fluctuating concentrations of copper and other metals.

Differential Regulation of Six Heavy Metal Efflux Systems in the Response of Myxococcus xanthus to Copper