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Propionate is one of the major intermediary products in the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in wetlands and paddy fields. Under methanogenic conditions, propionate is decomposed through syntrophic interaction between proton-reducing and propionate-oxidizing bacteria and H2 -consuming methanogens. Temperature is an important environmental regulator; yet its effect on syntrophic propionate oxidation has been poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the syntrophic oxidation of propionate in a rice field soil at 15°C and 30°C. [U-13 C]propionate (99 atom%) was applied to anoxic soil slurries, and the bacteria and archaea assimilating13 C were traced by DNA-based stable isotope probing.Syntrophobacter spp.,Pelotomaculum spp., andSmithella spp. were found significantly incorporating13 C into their nucleic acids after [13 C]propionate incubation at 30°C. The activity ofSmithella spp. increased in the later stage, and concurrently that ofSyntrophomonas spp. increased. AceticlasticMethanosaetaceae and hydrogenotrophicMethanomicrobiales andMethanocellales acted as methanogenic partners at 30°C. Syntrophic oxidation of propionate also occurred actively at 15°C.Syntrophobacter spp. were significantly labeled with13 C, whereasPelotomaculum spp. were less active at this temperature. In addition,Methanomicrobiales ,Methanocellales , andMethanosarcinaceae dominated the methanogenic community, whileMethanosaetaceae decreased. Collectively, temperature markedly influenced the activity and community structure of syntrophic guilds degrading propionate in the rice field soil. Interestingly,Geobacter spp. and some other anaerobic organisms likeRhodocyclaceae ,Acidobacteria ,Actinobacteria , andThermomicrobia probably also assimilated propionate-derived13 C. The mechanisms for the involvement of these organisms remain unclear.

Syntrophic Oxidation of Propionate in Rice Field Soil at 15 and 30°C under Methanogenic Conditions